Nonoemulsions produced with essential oils from two native tree species showed efficacy against parasites of Colossoma macropomum, an Amazonian fish widely cultivated
The use of oils with antiparasitic properties is advantageous, but as the oils are not soluble in water the use of nanostructures may be a viable solution. Copaifera officinalis is a native tree species widely distributed in the Cerrado and Amazonia and Pterodon emarginatus is a tree species widely distributed in Brazilian Central Cerrado and Caatinga. The oils of the two species are marketed in popular fairs and also by the pharmaceutical and cosmetics industry. Both oils have proven efficacy in combating mosquito vectors of diseases but little is known about the potential in combating fish parasites.
Colossoma macropomum is an Amazonian fish widely cultivated and the Brazilian production in 2014 reached about 140,000 tons. However, the species of parasites, Anacanthorus spathulatus, Notozothecium janauachensis and Mymarothecium boegeri, cause enormous losses in the production. These species parasitize the gills of the fish, feeding on the blood, and cause a reduction in the growth of the animals in captivity.
Stable nanoemulsions of oils from C. officinalis and P. emarginatus were produced without heating and using solvents indicating that the production of the compounds on a large scale may be feasible. The nanoemulsion with low concentration of C. officinalis oil (200 to 300 mg / L) was able to kill 100% of the parasites on fish gills after 15 min of exposure [2]. A more concentrated nanoemulsion of P. emarginatus oil (400 and 600 mg / L) was required to cause 100% mortality of parasites after 40 min of application [2].
The essays were carried out in the laboratory with application of the nanoemulsions on the fish gills infected by the parasites A. spathulatus, N. janauachensis and M. boegeri. As the results were promising, the next step will be to test the nanoemulsions on alive fish.
The results were published in two scientific articles in the Journal of Fish Diseases [1 and 2], which are part of the Master´s thesis of Daniel SS Valentim, supervisioned by Marcos Tavares-Dias (EMBRAPA Amapá) at PPG in Tropical Biodiversity (UNIFAP). The work was possible due to the interaction among researchers from Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Nanobiotechnology, Caio P. Fernandes, José Carlos Tavares (both from PPGBio-UNIFAP), J.L. Duarte, A.E.M.F.M Oliveira, E.C. Conceição and R.A.S. Cruz (from UNIFAP), and also from teh area of Chemistry, C. Solans (Institut de Química Avançada de Catalunya).
[1] VALENTIM, D. S. S. ; DUARTE, J. L. ; OLIVEIRA, A. E. ; CRUZ, R. A. ; CARVALHO, J. C. T. ; SOLANS, C. ; FERNANDES, C. P. ; TAVARES-DIAS, M. . Effects of a nanoemulsion with Copaifera officinalis oleoresin against monogenean parasites of Colossoma macropomum, a Neotropical Serrasalmidae. Journal of Fish Diseases, v. 41, p. 1041-1048, 2018.
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/jfd.12793
[2] VALENTIM, D. S. S.; DUARTE, J L ; OLIVEIRA, A E M F M ; CRUZ, R A S ; CARVALHO, J C T ; CONCEIÇÃO, E C ; FERNANDES, C P ; TAVARES-DIAS, M. Nanoemulsion from essential oil of Pterodon emarginatus (Fabaceae) shows in vitro efficacy against monogeneans of Colossoma macropomum (Pisces: Serrasalmidae). Journal of Fish Diseases, v. 41, p. 443-440, 2018.
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